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© 1995 - International Research Center

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UNIVERSAL SERVICE AROUND THE NATION
In order to help policy makers better understand the current and future status of Universal Service in the United States, International Research Center conducted structured telephone interviews with a key informant in each of the 50 states and the District of Columbia, either senior level staff or Commissioners involved in telecommunication policy formulation in their state. Interview questions focused on:

Information gathered from these interviews was supplemented with other secondary information for each state. This secondary information included demographic information about the state's population, geographic size, and median income; census data on poverty levels (percent on public assistance and percent below poverty); FCC data on the state's telephone system (number of LECs, penetration rate, technology), and data from a study on rural LECs conducted by the Organization for the Protection and Advancement of Small Telephone Companies (OPASTCO). In addition, key informants in states which had or were actively involved in developing a Universal Service program forwarded copies of relevant legislation, commission orders, and staff proposals.

Information gathered through the interviews was combined with the secondary data to generate a profile for each state. These profiles are included in Appendix E. To ensure the accuracy of the state profiles, a draft profile was faxed to the key informant in the state for review and modification. Changes were made to 26 state profiles based on key informant comments. In a number of cases, the changes updated the secondary data with more current information. Information from the state profiles was then aggregated into a number of matrixes which are presented and discussed below.

What is "basic service"?

Consistent with the Federal definition, states have defined Universal Service as the availability of telephone service at reasonable rates to all citizens in the state. Basic service, on the other hand, has been defined by a limited number of states, and those definitions vary from state to state. Table 1 shows the states that have defined basic service and the elements included in their definitions. Asterisks (*) indicate states with definitions that are pending. Twenty-five states have a pending or approved definition of basic service at this time. Based on these definitions basic service in the United States typically consist of a single party (16) voice grade (18) touch tone (20) line with access to emergency services (23) , directory assistance (16), operator services (14), long distance services (17), and a white page listing (18). A number of states also include Telecommunication Relay Services (TRS) for the hearing impaired (8). These are the identical elements as in the Arizona Corporation Commission's proposed definition for basic service in Arizona.

Less common elements included in the definition of basic service are a modem capable line (6), privacy protection (6), and access to repair services (5). The most unique services included are a required usage element (Connecticut and Ohio), non-published service (New York), access to optional digital services (Alaska), ANI capability (Connecticut), access to custom calling features (Missouri and Oklahoma), toll blocking capability (Oregon and Wisconsin), educational discounts (Tennessee), and an annual directory (Wisconsin). While 25 states and DC did not have a definition of basic service at this time, a number of states are developing them in conjunction with open dockets on local competition or Universal Service.

Table 1: State Definitions of Basic Telephone Service

State Single
party 		Multi-
party 		Touch
tone 		Rotary Voice
grade
line 		Fax
grade
line 		(911) (411) Operator
services 		White
page
listing 		Long
distance
access 		Modem
capable 		Repair
services 		Privacy
protect 		Other
Alaska*
Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes
Yes

Yes

Yes

Access to optional digital services
Arizona*
Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes


Telecomm relay services
California

Yes

Yes

Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Colorado
Yes

Yes

Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
2400
Yes
Yes

Connecticut
Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes

Yes
ANI Capability; Usage element
Delaware


Yes


Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes




Switch/relay access
Florida

Yes

Yes

Yes
Yes
Yes

Yes


Flat rate residential
Georgia
Yes

Yes



Yes




9600

1+ dialing
Hawaii*
Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes




Access to relay services
Louisiana
Yes

Yes



Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes


Affordable line connection; Telephone relay service;

Customer support

Massachusetts













Unlimited calling in local exchange calling area
Michigan








Yes



Dial tone
Missouri
Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes



Yes



Access to custom calling features
Nevada

Yes

Yes

Yes


Yes
Yes


Dial tone
New Jersey
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes


Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
New York*

Yes

Yes

Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes

Yes
Exchange access; Statewide relay service; Non-published service; Direct inward dialing
North Carolina*
Yes

Yes

Yes









Flat rate local calling
Ohio*
Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
14400
Yes
Yes
 Usage packet (400 minutes); Telecomm relay services
Oklahoma
Yes

Yes



Yes


Yes

Yes


Custom calling features available
Oregon
Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes


Toll blocking; Relay services
Pennsylvania
Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes


Disability services; Access to incoming and outgoing calls
Tennessee

Yes

Yes

Yes


Yes




Access line; Telecomm relay services; Educational discounts
Vermont

Yes

Yes

Yes
Yes


Yes


Enhanced 911 services; Telecomm relay services
West Virginia*





Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes


Telephone number; Local call switching; Telecomm relay services
Wisconsin*
Yes

Yes


Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
9600


Telecomm relay services; Toll blocking; Annual directory; Reasonably adequate calling area
Wyoming
Yes



Yes

Yes



Yes



Residential or business; Flat or measured rate
Total
16
1
20
2
18
2
23
16
14
18
17
6
5
6
( * - Definition Pending)

What does "basic service" cost?

Table 2 shows the residential telephone rates (R1- flat rate) for the BOC in each state, and the range of rates for the LECs in each state. Since this information was not available from a secondary source, we relied on the key informant in each state to provide this information. Specifically, the key informant was asked what the rate would be for "basic service". Given the complexity of rate structures in some states, the variations in telephone service across the states, and the fact that half of the states don't have a definition for basic service, the rate information should be viewed with caution. Perhaps as more states develop definitions of "basic service", it will be possible to develop a better overall picture of the price of basic service in the United States and what customers should expect to pay for basic service. In Table 2, states with definitions of basic service are identified by asterisks.

In spite of these qualifications, there are a number of interesting patterns within the data. First, in some states the BOC has a single statewide residential rate, while in others there are a range of rates depending generally on the subscribers geographic location and calling area. The lowest reported rate for a BOC was in DC. DC, however, does not have a definition of basic service, has only one LEC, and this is a special rate for low income households. Of the states with a definition of basic service, Wisconsin has the lowest BOC rate ($5.40 for measured service) and New York has the highest rate ($22.27). The average rate for "basic service" for states with a definition is $11.95. In four small states, there is only one LEC, typically the BOC (Delaware, DC, Hawaii, Rhode Island). The number of LECs in the remaining states range from 2 (Maryland) to 160 in Iowa. The range in residential rates for LECs in almost all states was greater than the range of rates for the BOC. Thus, there are some LECs in each state with lower rates for residential service than the BOC and some with higher rates. LECs with the lowest rates typically have very limited calling areas, while LECs with the higher rates are in high cost/rural areas. Again, looking at those states with a definition of basic service, the lowest LEC rate was in North Carolina ($2.56) and the highest was in West Virginia ($36.00). The average of the lowest LEC rate for states with a definition was $7.30 and the average of the highest rates was $18.00.

Table 2 also presents results from the OPASTCO study (last three columns) which provides insights into the costs of providing basic service in rural/high cost areas. In 1994, OPASTCO examined the consequences of changes in FCC regulations that would eliminate federal support mechanisms for small rural LECs (i.e., DEM weighting, 25% gross allocator, USF, and federal Lifeline and Link-up America programs). The first column in this section of Table 2 shows the local service revenues per subscriber

per month for small rural LECs included in the OPASTCO study group. The average for the 424 LECs induced in the study group was $15.31. The second column shows OPASTCO's estimate of the average local service revenues per subscriber per month that would be required if federal supports were eliminated. The average for the study group was $28.75. This means that, on average, local service revenues would have to go up by 72.3%, if federal supports were eliminated. Required revenue increases vary widely from state to state with greatest estimated increases being in New Mexico (228.8%), Texas (176.1%), North Dakota (170.4%), Idaho (157.6%), and Nebraska (154.4%). OPASTCO also surveyed a random sample of the study group's subscribers to determine the impact the estimated rate increase might have on continued telephone service. Twenty percent of the subscribers said they would discontinue service if the rates were increased to the estimated level.

Arizona's average local service revenues per subscriber per month in the OPASTCO study group ($21.05) was above the overall average ($15.91), but the percent increase in revenues needed, 47.8%, was less than the national average. This still reflects an average estimated increase in local service revenues of $9.64 per subscriber per month for customers served by Arizona's 13 rural LECs. Thirteen percent of those survey by OPASTCO in Arizona said they would disconnect service if rates went up by that amount. This would equate to 9,700 access lines in rural Arizona. The OPASTCO study findings are important since they highlight one of the biggest issues related to Universal Service; that is, how to provide affordable telecommunication services to rural areas which have significantly higher costs than urban areas. The study provides an indication of what the actual costs are to provide telephone service in high costs areas, and the possible consequences of federal and state governments not taking necessary steps to maintain Universal Service in the new competitive telecommunication market.

Table 2: State Residential Telephone Rates


Bell Operating Co.
Local Exchange Carriers
OPASTCO Study



State



BOC



Rates
Number

of LECs
Lowest

Rate
Highest

Rate
Rev/

Customer
Rev w/o Subsidy


% Increase
AlabamaBell South
$16.00-15.00
34


$18.94
$30.42
60.6%
Alaska*na
na
23
$5.00
$30.00
$20.94
$34.73
65.9%
Arizona*US West
$13.18
14
$4.50
$21.00
$21.05
$30.69
47.8%
ArkansasSW Bell
$14.00
27
$5.00
$32.00
$16.71
$28.66
71.5%
California*Pacific
$11.25
23
$11.25
$17.80
$20.64
$48.77
136.9%
Colorado*US West
$17.82
36
$4.15
$30.00
$21.31
$36.10
69.4%
Connecticut*NYNEX
$12.50
3
$8.00
$15.00
na
na
na
Delaware*Bell Atlantic
$9.40
1
$9.40
$9.40
na
na
na
Dist. of Col.Bell Atlantic
$3.00-14.60
1
$3.00
$14.60
na
na
na
Florida*Bell South
$10.65
13
$6.00
$11.63
$16.77
$30.32
80.8%
Georgia*Bell South
$14.33
36
$4.00
$18.00
$18.12
$32.09
77.1%
Hawaii*na
na
1
$14.40
$14.40
na
na
na
IdahoUS West
$11.61
16
$9.40
$17.20
$14.51
$37.37
157.6%
IllinoisAmeritech
$11.20
56
$5.40
$28.00
na
na
na
IndianaAmeritech
$13.50
43
$3.00
$25.00
$16.19
$24.75
52.9%
IowaUS West
$11.05-13.05
160
$2.00
$24.78
$13.92
$24.40
75.3%
KansasSW Bell
$11.00
45
$3.50
$13.00
$13.55
$28.07
107.2%
KentuckyBell South
$18.00
20
$5.00
$18.00
na
na
na
Louisiana*Bell South
$10.97-15.05
21
$9.00
$18.50
$21.95
$44.24
101.5%
MaineNYNEX
$10.50-12.50
24
$4.75
$14.50
$11.09
$25.63
131.1%
MarylandBell Atlantic
$9.52-11.17
2

na
na
na
Massachusetts*NYNEX
$16.85
5

na
na
na
Michigan*Ameritech
$10.38
38
$3.76
$12.30
$11.31
$19.87
75.7%
MinnesotaUS West
$14.10
103
$5.00
$30.00
$15.25
$23.02
51.0%
MississippiBell South
$14.85- 19.00
20
$11.50
$18.00
$21.40
$39.36
83.9%
Missouri*SW Bell
$7.55-12.50
42
$4.00
$16.00
$13.91
$26.02
87.1%
MontanaUS West
$13.84
8
$7.10
$16.38
$13.39
$31.70
136.7%
NebraskaUS West
$14.90
42
$4.00
$15.00
$12.90
$32.83
154.5%
Nevada*Nevada Bell
$10.00
13
$5.75
$16.00
$15.56
$30.86
98.3%
New HampshireNYNEX
$18.00
14
$6.00
$9.00
$11.20
$22.04
96.8%
New Jersey*Bell Atlantic
$7.00-8.00
3
$5.30
$8.30
na
na
na
New MexicoUS West
$10.96-15.86
14
$10.96
$15.86
$16.26
$63.22
288.8%
New York*NYNEX
$12.45-22.27
40
$3.84
$17.92
$16.33
$26.15
60.1%
North Carolina*Bell South
$9.94 -13.94
20
$2.56
$18.26
$19.07
$23.94
25.5%
North DakotaUS West
$12.00
29

$14.22
$38.45
170.4%
Ohio*Ameritech
$15.25
42
$2.70
$22.90
$18.31
$21.88
19.5%
Oklahoma*SW Bell
$9.50-13.00
47
$5.00
$20.00
$13.94
$33.84
142.8%
Oregon*US West
$12.80
33
$8.00
$16.00
$15.99
$29.31
83.3%
Pennsylvania*Bell Atlantic
$8.20-12.95
38
$3.25
$17.73
$12.09
$24.96
106.5%
Rhode IslandNYNEX
$7.50-22.00
1
$7.50
$22.00
na
na
na
South CarolinaBell South
$14.20-16.90
28
$3.00
$16.90
$18.37
$24.80
35.0%
South DakotaUS West
$12.00-15.20
31
$5.25
$15.75
$11.85
$28.20
138.0%
Tennessee*Bell South
$7.50-12.15
18
$6.00
$13.00
$16.67
$22.83
37.0%
TexasSW Bell
$8.15-11.05
58
$5.05
$19.00
$15.55
$42.94
176.1%
UtahUS West
$3.50 -7.98
14
$10.00
$12.00
$12.60
$29.13
131.2%
Vermont*NYNEX
$12.75
9
$6.00
$16.00
$15.15
$28.68
89.3%
VirginiaBell Atlantic
$8.51-14.82
21
$6.00
$16.35
$13.05
$25.94
98.8%
WashingtonUS West
$8.75-12.75
26
$7.00
$26.00
$13.10
$25.94
98.0%
West Virginia*Bell Atlantic
$15.80
9
$22.00
$36.00
$25.56
$49.37
93.2%
Wisconsin*Ameritech
$5.40
86
$2.90
$25.00
$13.49
$17.45
29.4%
Wyoming*US West
$12.64-14.64
14
$5.75
$16.80
$16.05
$35.26
119.7%

(Note: * indicates states with a definition of basic service)

How is "basic service" delivered?

Table 3 shows the types of technology used to provide telephone service in each state. Again, asterisks indicate states with a definition of basic service. Each year the FCC aggregates data on the types of equipment LECs have deployed, as reported by the LECs. The FCC has considerable information about telephone equipment in each state, but much of it is beyond the scope of this project. One general indicator of the level of the technology used to provide basic service is the extent to which the local loop circuit is digital or analog. Using FCC data on the "total equipped local loop circuit", the percent digital was calculated for each state (see column 1). Overall, 39% of the local loop is digital, but there are wide variations between states. In five states the local loop circuit is all digital, and in 18 other states including Arizona the local loop is more than 95% digital. States with relatively low levels of digital circuits included California (9.61%), Louisiana (10.58%), Massachusetts (6.95%), Nevada (10.36%), New York (8.41%), and Rhode Island (9.57%).

The key informants were also questioned about the type of technology used to provide basic service both in the "last mile" and in the infrastructure. All informants indicated that they used both copper and fiber optic to deliver basic service. Twisted pair into the residence, with copper and fiber in the infrastructure was the primary reported technology. Three states also were installing Hybrid Fiber Optic cable and 17 were using some microwave. Key informants were also asked if there were any unique technologies used to provide service, especially to rural areas. Nine states reported using Basic Exchange Telephone Radio Service (BETRS) and three reported using fixed cellular to provide basic service to isolated areas of their state, and one mentioned satellites (Alaska).

In summary, basic telephone service, for those states that have defined it, typically is a single party voice grade touch tone line with access to emergency services, directory assistance, operator services, long distance services, and a white page listing. The rates for basic service for BOCs is around $12.00 per month, but can cost be as much as $22.27 per month or as little as $5.40, and LECs may have rates exceeding $30.00 per month. Basic service is typically provided using twisted pair copper wire into the house with a mixture of fiber and copper in the infrastructure, although some remote areas require wireless technologies.

What is the status of Universal Service programs in each state?

In order to make telephone service available and affordable to all citizens, federal programs have been put in place to support Universal Service in every state and a some states have developed their own Universal Service programs. The oldest state program was established in California in 1983. Given recent trends toward deregulation of telecommunications and the introduction of local competition, almost very state is now involved to some degree in examining or reexamining Universal Service. For states which have had a Universal Service program, like Arizona, this has lead to a comprehensive change in the program. States which have not had a Universal Service program have responded quite differently. Some are just beginning to examine the issue, wondering if they need a fund. Others are finishing up the rule making process, and will be soon establishing their state's first Universal Service program. This section of the report examines state participation in federal programs, status of state Universal Service programs, and characteristics of established state Universal Service programs. Key informants in each state were also asked to identify activities related to the provision of advanced information services such as video/cable, Internet, etc. Since the key informants are not directly involved in the regulation of these advanced services, they generally provided very limited, second hand information. However, one important exception involved rate cases where the Commission used its regulatory authority over local telecommunication companies as a means for enhancing the development of advanced information services. In a number of states, the Commission had used rates case findings and excess earnings as a vehicle to require a carrier, usually the BOC, to provide resources to increase the capabilities and access to advanced information services.

Table 3: State Telecommunication Technologies for Providing Basic Service




State
Percent Local Loop Digital


Copper



Fiber Optic



Hybrid Fiber



Microwave



Other
Alabama
18. 59%
Yes
Yes



Alaska*
na
Yes
Yes

Yes
 Satellite, BETRS
Arizona*
98.47%
Yes
Yes

Yes
 BETRS
Arkansas
99.41%
Yes
Yes


ISDN
California*
9.61%
Yes
Yes



Colorado*
94.04%
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
 ISDN on 70% of lines
Connecticut*
90.87%
Yes
Yes
Yes


Delaware*
100.00%
Yes
Yes


ISDN
District of Columbia
100.00%
Yes
Yes



Florida*
35.43%
Yes
Yes


95% Digital Switches
Georgia*
27.79%
Yes
Yes

Yes
Hawaii*
73.23%
Yes
Yes

Yes
Idaho
98.91%
Yes
Yes

Yes
 95% Digital Switches
Illinois
95.26%
Yes
Yes



Indiana
99.46%
Yes
Yes



Iowa
92.32%
Yes
Yes



Kansas
100.00%
Yes
Yes



Kentucky
17.70%
Yes
Yes



Louisiana*
10.58%
Yes
Yes



Maine
14.21%
Yes
Yes

Yes
 BETRS
Maryland
100.00%
Yes
Yes

Yes
Massachusetts*
6.95%
Yes
Yes



Michigan*
99.96%
Yes
Yes



Minnesota
99.78%
Yes
Yes



Mississippi
16.44%
Yes
Yes



Missouri*
94.93%
Yes
Yes

Yes
Fixed cellular
Montana
76.27%
Yes
Yes

Yes
 BETRS
Nebraska
72.15%
Yes
Yes

Yes
Nevada*
10.36%
Yes
Yes
Yes

Fixed cellular, BETRS
New Hampshire
12.92%
Yes
Yes

Yes
New Jersey*
99.98%
Yes
Yes



New Mexico
99.02%
Yes
Yes

Yes
 BETRS
New York*
8.41%
Yes
Yes



North Carolina*
23.00%
Yes
Yes



North Dakota
84.82%
Yes
Yes



Ohio*
96.88%
Yes
Yes


ISDN
Oklahoma*
99.70%
Yes
Yes



Oregon*
98.63%
Yes
Yes

Yes
 BETRS
Pennsylvania*
99.20%
Yes
Yes



Rhode Island
9.57%
Yes
Yes



South Carolina
25.01%
Yes
Yes



South Dakota
66.30%
Yes
Yes

Yes
Tennessee*
19.96%
Yes
Yes


ISDN
Texas
99.00%
Yes
Yes



Utah
98.03%
Yes
Yes



Vermont*
14.27%
Yes
Yes



Virginia
99.74%
Yes
Yes



Washington
97.73%
Yes
Yes


ISDN, BETRS
West Virginia*
100.00%
Yes
Yes



Wisconsin
96.22%
Yes
Yes

Yes
Wyoming*
67.96%
Yes
Yes

Yes
 Fixed cellular, BETRS
AVG./TOTAL
39.02%
51
51
3
17

(Note: * indicates states with a definition of basic service)

Listed below are the states and, in brief, the programs they developed:

Participation in Federal Universal Service Programs

The federal government has three programs states can voluntarily participate in to promote Universal Service in their state -- Lifeline, Link-up America, and High Cost (USF) programs. Lifeline and Link-up America are targeted towards low income groups, while the High Cost fund is targeted to LECs in rural areas. Since these programs are voluntary, all states do not participate in all programs. Table 4 shows states' participation in the federal programs and related demographic data. The key informants provided the information on participation, while the demographic information was from the U.S. Census. Thirty-nine states and DC participate in the Lifeline program, while 45 states and DC participate in Link-up America. Arizona participates in both programs. Three were reasons given by those not participating.

  • The state does not have the authority to mandate participation in a voluntary federal program.
  • The state can not provide matching funds required by the program and cannot require the LECs to provide matching funds (i.e., Lifeline).
  • The state is prohibited from validating income information required by the program.

Thus, in the case of these programs, lack of participation has little to do with the need for subsidized rates or reduced hook-up charges for low income households, and more to do with general statutory barriers. Some states that do not participate in these programs now are considering changing the law to allow participation, especially in those states contemplating the creation of a state Universal Service Fund. They may require LECs to participate in federal programs as a prerequisite to participation in a state program.

Table 4: State Participation in Federal Programs





State



Percent on Public Assistance
Percent Below Poverty

Level
Federal Lifeline

Program
Federal

Link-Up

Program



Proportion Rural



Subscribers Per Sq Mile
Federal

High Cost

Program
Alabama
7.10%
17.10%
Yes
Yes
39.6%
13.6
Yes
Alaska
6.70%
10.00%
Yes
Yes
32.5%
0.3
Yes
Arizona
6.40%
15.10%
Yes
Yes
12.5%
2.6
Yes
Arkansas
6.80%
17.40%
Yes
Yes
46.5%
9.6
Yes
California
10.70%
15.80%


74.0%
5.8
Yes
Colorado
5.00%
10.60%
Yes
Yes
17.6%
1.4
Yes
Connecticut
6.00%
9.40%
Yes
Yes
20.9%
na

Delaware
5.20%
7.60%

27.0%
na
Dist. of Col.
13.30%
20.30%
Yes
Yes
0.0%
na
Florida
6.80%
15.30%
Yes
Yes
52.0%
13
Yes
Georgia
8.50%
17.80%
Yes
Yes
36.8%
13.9
Yes
Hawaii
5.90%
11.00%
Yes
Yes
11.0%
na
Idaho
3.20%
15.00%
Yes
Yes
12.6%
0.7
Yes
Illinois
7.90%
15.30%

Yes
15.4%
9.9
Yes
Indiana
5.00%
11.70%

Yes
35.1%
12.9
Yes
Iowa
5.00%
11.30%

Yes
39.4%
8.5
Yes
Kansas
4.60%
11.00%

Yes
30.9%
4.6
Yes
Kentucky
9.80%
19.70%

Yes
48.2%
15.7

Louisiana
10.20%
24.20%
Yes
31.9%
10.7
Yes
Maine
7.60%
13.40%
Yes
Yes
55.4%
11
Yes
Maryland
6.00%
11.60%
Yes
Yes
18.7%
77.1
Massachusetts
7.50%
10.00%
Yes
Yes
15.7%
91.6
Yes
Michigan
9.00%
13.50%
Yes
Yes
29.5%
11.7
Yes
Minnesota
5.70%
12.80%
Yes
Yes
30.1%
6.8
Yes
Mississippi
11.80%
24.50%
Yes
Yes
52.9%
8.2
Yes
Missouri
6.80%
15.60%
Yes
Yes
31.3%
9.0
Yes
Montana
5.40%
13.70%
Yes
Yes
47.5%
0.5
Yes
Nebraska
4.20%
10.30%

Yes
33.9%
2.3
Yes
Nevada
3.60%
14.40%
Yes
Yes
11.7%
0.5
Yes
New Hampshire
3.40%
8.60%
Yes
49.0%
30.9
Yes
New Jersey
6.10%
10.00%

Yes
10.6%
387.2

New Mexico
8.00%
21.00%
Yes
Yes
27.0%
0.5
New York
9.00%
15.30%
Yes
Yes
15.7%
21.8
Yes
North Carolina
7.20%
15.70%
Yes
Yes
49.6%
30.0
Yes
North Dakota